Literature
- Cairns, S.D. & H. Zibrowius 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippine and Indonesian Regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 172(2): 27-243, 29 plates.
- Cairns, S.D. 2000. A Revision of the Shallow-Water Azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the Western Atlantic. Studies of the Natural History of the Caribbean 75: 1-240.